YOU WERE LOOKING FOR: Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System Test Answers
For exhalation: The internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles Here is the cycle of the respiratory pump venous return : Inhalation The thoracic cavity expands new The pressure within the pleural cavities drop This pulls air to the lungs It...
I also suggest you check out my review on Trainer Academy here. A3: Veins carry blood toward the heart Q4: What are smaller chambers located superiorly on either side of the heart that gather blood returning to the heart much like a reservoir? A4:...
In all vertebrate organisms, as well as some invertebrates, this is a closed-loop system, in which the blood is not free in a cavity. In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels and circulates unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returns to the heart again, as illustrated in Figure As opposed to a closed system, arthropods—including insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks—have an open circulatory system, as illustrated in Figure In an open circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels but is pumped into a cavity called a hemocoel and is called hemolymph because the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid. As the heart beats and the animal moves, the hemolymph circulates around the organs within the body cavity and then reenters the hearts through openings called ostia.
This movement allows for gas and nutrient exchange. An open circulatory system does not use as much energy as a closed system to operate or to maintain; however, there is a trade-off with the amount of blood that can be moved to metabolically active organs and tissues that require high levels of oxygen. In fact, one reason that insects with wing spans of up to two feet wide 70 cm are not around today is probably because they were outcompeted by the arrival of birds million years ago. Birds, having a closed circulatory system, are thought to have moved more agilely, allowing them to get food faster and possibly to prey on the insects. Figure In a closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body.
Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, like this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system. In b open circulatory systems, a fluid called hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties into the body cavity. Hemolymph returns to the blood vessel through openings called ostia. Arthropods like this bee and most mollusks have open circulatory systems. Circulatory System Variation in Animals The circulatory system varies from simple systems in invertebrates to more complex systems in vertebrates. The simplest animals, such as the sponges Porifera and rotifers Rotifera , do not need a circulatory system because diffusion allows adequate exchange of water, nutrients, and waste, as well as dissolved gases, as shown in Figure Organisms that are more complex but still only have two layers of cells in their body plan, such as jellies Cnidaria and comb jellies Ctenophora also use diffusion through their epidermis and internally through the gastrovascular compartment.
Both their internal and external tissues are bathed in an aqueous environment and exchange fluids by diffusion on both sides, as illustrated in Figure Exchange of fluids is assisted by the pulsing of the jellyfish body. Simple animals consisting of a single cell layer such as the a sponge or only a few cell layers such as the b jellyfish do not have a circulatory system. Instead, gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged by diffusion. For more complex organisms, diffusion is not efficient for cycling gases, nutrients, and waste effectively through the body; therefore, more complex circulatory systems evolved. Most arthropods and many mollusks have open circulatory systems. In an open system, an elongated beating heart pushes the hemolymph through the body and muscle contractions help to move fluids. The larger more complex crustaceans, including lobsters, have developed arterial-like vessels to push blood through their bodies, and the most active mollusks, such as squids, have evolved a closed circulatory system and are able to move rapidly to catch prey.
Closed circulatory systems are a characteristic of vertebrates; however, there are significant differences in the structure of the heart and the circulation of blood between the different vertebrate groups due to adaptation during evolution and associated differences in anatomy. The blood is pumped from a three-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle. The heart is three chambered, but the ventricles are partially separated so some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs except in crocodilians and birds. As illustrated in Figure The atrium collects blood that has returned from the body and the ventricle pumps the blood to the gills where gas exchange occurs and the blood is re-oxygenated; this is called gill circulation.
The blood then continues through the rest of the body before arriving back at the atrium; this is called systemic circulation. The result is a limit in the amount of oxygen that can reach some of the organs and tissues of the body, reducing the overall metabolic capacity of fish. In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart, which is called pulmonary circulation, and the other throughout the rest of the body and its organs including the brain systemic circulation. In amphibians, gas exchange also occurs through the skin during pulmonary circulation and is referred to as pulmocutaneous circulation. As shown in Figure The advantage to this arrangement is that high pressure in the vessels pushes blood to the lungs and body. The mixing is mitigated by a ridge within the ventricle that diverts oxygen-rich blood through the systemic circulatory system and deoxygenated blood to the pulmocutaneous circuit.
For this reason, amphibians are often described as having double circulation. Most reptiles also have a three-chambered heart similar to the amphibian heart that directs blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits, as shown in Figure The ventricle is divided more effectively by a partial septum, which results in less mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Some reptiles alligators and crocodiles are the most primitive animals to exhibit a four-chambered heart. Crocodilians have a unique circulatory mechanism where the heart shunts blood from the lungs toward the stomach and other organs during long periods of submergence, for instance, while the animal waits for prey or stays underwater waiting for prey to rot.
One adaptation includes two main arteries that leave the same part of the heart: one takes blood to the lungs and the other provides an alternate route to the stomach and other parts of the body. Two other adaptations include a hole in the heart between the two ventricles, called the foramen of Panizza, which allows blood to move from one side of the heart to the other, and specialized connective tissue that slows the blood flow to the lungs. Together these adaptations have made crocodiles and alligators one of the most evolutionarily successful animal groups on earth. In mammals and birds, the heart is also divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, as illustrated in Figure The oxygenated blood is separated from the deoxygenated blood, which improves the efficiency of double circulation and is probably required for the warm-blooded lifestyle of mammals and birds.
The four-chambered heart of birds and mammals evolved independently from a three-chambered heart. The independent evolution of the same or a similar biological trait is referred to as convergent evolution. Summary In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the body. Some primitive animals use diffusion for the exchange of water, nutrients, and gases.
However, complex organisms use the circulatory system to carry gases, nutrients, and waste through the body. Circulatory systems may be open mixed with the interstitial fluid or closed separated from the interstitial fluid. Closed circulatory systems are a characteristic of vertebrates; however, there are significant differences in the structure of the heart and the circulation of blood between the different vertebrate groups due to adaptions during evolution and associated differences in anatomy. Fish have a two-chambered heart with unidirectional circulation. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart, which has some mixing of the blood, and they have double circulation. Most non-avian reptiles have a three-chambered heart, but have little mixing of the blood; they have double circulation. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with no mixing of the blood and double circulation. Exercises Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false?
Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated. Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated. Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated. Blood in the aorta is oxygenated. Which of the following statements about the heart is false? The mitral valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium. Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left atrium. Both the aortic and the pulmonary valves are semilunar valves. The mitral valve is an atrioventricular valve. Varicose veins are veins that become enlarged because the valves no longer close properly, allowing blood to flow backward.
Varicose veins are often most prominent on the legs. Why do you think this is the case? Why are open circulatory systems advantageous to some animals? They use less metabolic energy. They help the animal move faster. They do not need a heart. They help large insects develop. Some animals use diffusion instead of a circulatory system. Examples include: birds and jellyfish.
What are the main types and functions of white blood cells? Answer: Granulocytes — polymorphonuclear leucocytes Basophils — closely associated with allergic reactions contain heparin, histamine and other substances that promote inflammation. Neutrophils — protect against any foreign material that gains entry to the body mainly microbes, and remove waste materials. Eosinophils — specialised role in the elimination of parasites, e. Found at sites of allergic inflammation, e. Agranulocytes — monocytes and lymphocytes Monocytes are large mononuclear cells that originate in red bone marrow — Some circulate in blood whereas others migrate into tissues and develop into macrophages. Both cells produce interleukin 1: o Acts on the hypothalamus causing the rise in body temperature associated with microbial infections and enhances the production of activated T- lymphocytes. Describe what is meant by innate non-specific defences and give examples. Answer: Innate immunity is the immunity that we are born with; it reacts to all antigens in the same way.
Defence at body surfaces Mucous membranes. Hair in nose — Phagocytosis. Neutrophils polymorphonuclear leucocytes — most important phagocytes. Their granules and lysosome contain degradative enzymes. Attracted by chemicals chemotaxis and move towards the area of highest concentration. When neutrophils die their contents are released, remnants of their enzymes cause liquification of surrounding tissue. Accumulation of dead neutrophils, tissue and other cell debris for pus purulent discharge. Macrophages monocytes and mononuclear phagocytes — remove cell debris as well as attacking bacteria and some fungi.
Longer lived than neutrophils as they have a greater glycogen reserve — can replenish lysosomal contents. Natural killer — non-specific lethal lymphocytes which have no immunological memory but attack and kill on contact anything which is recognised as foreign or abnormal. They target tumour cells and infectious microbes, particularly viruses. Low NK cells are associated with stress, poor nutrition, overwork, acute or chronic disease, emotional trauma and bereavement. Numbers are reduced in cancer, severe viral infection, AIDS and some autoimmune disorders.
Natural anti-microbial substances Hydrochloric acid — in gastric juice, is too acidic for pathogens to survive. Lysozyme — small protein with antimicrobial properties in granulocytes, in tears not present in sweat, urine or CSF. Antibodies — in nasal cavities and saliva inactivate microbes. Saliva — being slightly acid, is antibacterial. Interferons - substances produced by T-lymphocytes and cells that have been invaded by viruses; they prevent viral replication and spread of viruses to healthy cells.
Complement — a system of about 20 proteins found in blood and tissues that is activated by presence of an antigen and antibody bound together immune complexes and by foreign sugars on bacterial cell walls. Inflammatory response. A person in your care has an IV cannula in their right arm. When doing your observations you notice that their arm is inflamed. Explain the signs and symptoms you would expect to see, giving a rationale for each. Answer: Redness — from vasodilation due to increased permeability due to the release of histamine and serotonin. Heat — in the local area is from increased blood flow to the area; inflammatory response may be accompanied by a rise in core temperature pyrexia. Pyrexia increases the metabolic rate of cells in the infected area. Pain — occurs when local swelling compresses sensory nerve endings. Release of bradykinin. Swelling — local oedema due to accumulation of fluid around affected tissues. Loss of function — may be experienced due to sudden local oedema.
Increased permeability of capillaries. Infiltration of damaged tissues by white cells. If the infection or trauma is sufficiently extensive, the injured tissues become infiltrated by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, particularly neutrophils; once in the tissues, the leucocytes ingest invading organisms. What is acquired immunity? Answer: This type of immunity is acquired throughout life. It may be cell-mediated T-lymphocytes or humoral B-lymphocytes. When antigens are encountered for the first time there is a primary response in which a low level of antibodies can be detected in the blood after approximately two weeks. A second encounter with the antigen produces a secondary response in which there is rapid response by memory B-cells resulting in a marked increase in antibody production.
May be naturally or artificially acquired. Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Answer: Active immunity Active immunity is acquired in one of two ways: Active naturally acquired immunity — the body is stimulated to produce its own antibodies by a having the disease or b having a sub-clinical infection. Active artificially acquired immunity — develops in response to the administration of dead or artificially weakened microbes vaccines or deactivated toxins toxoids. Passive immunity Passive immunity is acquired in one of two ways: Passive naturally acquired immunity — acquired before birth by the passage of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the foetus and to the baby in breast milk.
Passive artificially acquired immunity — ready-made antibodies in human or animal serum are injected into the recipient immunoglobulins. Explain how the flu vaccination will protect John from acquiring the flu. Answer: In February each year, the World Health Organization WHO assesses the strains of flu virus that are most likely to be circulating during the following winter in the northern hemisphere. Based on this assessment, the WHO recommends which three flu strains the vaccines should contain for the forthcoming winter. There are three types of flu viruses. They are: Type A flu virus, usually the more serious type. The virus is most likely to mutate into a new version that people are not resistant to. The H1N1 swine flu strain is a type A virus. Pandemics in the past were type A viruses. Type B flu virus generally causes a less severe illness and is responsible for smaller outbreaks.
Type B mainly affects young children. Type C flu virus usually causes a mild illness similar to the common cold. The injectable flu vaccine contains three different types of flu virus usually two A types and one B type. The viruses are then deactivated and purified before being made into the vaccine. If your body is exposed to the strain of virus again a secondary response will occur.
Key Concepts: Terms in this set Lung volume increases. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function. However when the security of the EHR is compared with that of paper-and-pencil records the. Only RUB The exact one your doctor selects will be based on things like your risk.
The Cardiovascular System. Working with words. Hunter, PhD, and Robert T. Describe where and how the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Answer: c Crocodilus — 4-chambered heart Explanation: Hippocampus sea horse belongs to class osteichthyes. Chapter Crossword Puzzle. A typical oil well pumps about 94 gallons of oil a day, whereas your heart pumps 1. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The remaining 8 bits are used for parity. Summary and Analysis Chapter 11 Summary. View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.
At the end of each practice test you are given your score, and you have a chance to review each of the questions and answers again. Get Free Chapter Test The. They are called the vessels of the systemic circulation. What are the three ducts found in that system? Chapter The Cardiovascular System 11 flanked on each side by the lungs Figure Hardware M 2 a. Describe the location of the heart in the body, and identify its major This system sets basic heart rhythm. Skip to Main Content Sign In. Pathopysiologic concepts 1-Thrombus It is a blood clot that can develop anywhere in the vascular system unbroken blood vessel , so blood flow is reduced or totally blocked.
The Occupational Outlook Handbook is the government's premier source of career guidance featuring hundreds of occupations—such as carpenters, teachers, and veterinarians. This online pronouncement the cardiovascular system chapter 11 can be one of the options to accompany you in the same way as having further starcraft 2 guide download, chapter 8 test ccds math 1, note taking study guide answers world war, mary berrys desserts and confections, official icd. In this chapter, we will review the different tissue types that comprise the cardiovascular system and the current state of literature that utilizes multimaterial 3D printing for either clinical or research applications related to the cardiovascular system.
Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System Worksheet Answer Key in a learning moderate may be used to test students qualities and understanding by answering questions. How successful were you in estimating your intensity level? The average height of an adult human is about 5 to 6 feet tall. All the major arteries of the systemic circulation are branches of the aorta, which leaves the left ventricle. Access Free The Cardiovascular System Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 11 When people should go to the book stores, search introduction by shop, shelf by shelf, it is in point of fact problematic.
Complete Cardio Answer Key. Chapter 11 - Diseases of the Digestive System Key Updates A number of new subcategories have been added to this chapter. Guarantee Passed. Students are not only limited until the English subject online test system. C1 - Heart Model. L2 - - Plato. Pony is confined to bed for a week, still recuperating and trying to remember and understand the events of the past few days. The circulatory system brings blood to and from the body, while the cardiovascular system brings blood to and from the lungs only.
However, it may not be feasible for every auditor to be a computer expert. It will totally squander the time. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping Numerous control mechanisms help to regulate and integrate the diverse functions and component parts of the cardiovascular system in order to. The magnitude of the exertional stimulus these systems are able to respond to. This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 3. Which of the following symptoms is appropriate to ask about in the cardiovascular review of systems?. Synovial 3. Cardiovascular System Packet Answers. Forehead bone 2. A long period of rising stock prices is known as a bull market. Blood is carried in a closed system of vesselsthat begins and ends at the heart The three major types of vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart. The Human Circulatory System chapter of this Human Biology Study Guide course is the most efficient way to study the circulatory system.
Our online cardiovascular system trivia quizzes can be adapted to suit your requirements for taking some of the top cardiovascular system quizzes. Arteries carry mainly oxygenated blood. Life was hard and with so many mouths to feed, the children began working from an early age. All material is. Which man is most likely to have abnormal sperm formation resulting in infertility?
A DES encryption key is always 56 bits long. Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System Answers. Chapter 11 can be done by almost any individual or business. Cardiovascular Emergencies -. However below, subsequently you visit this web page, it will be for that reason totally easy to get as capably as download lead chapter cardiovascular system It will not undertake many times as we notify before. Make sentences and write them down: The Cardiovascular System. Match answers to the following questions. An animal hormone is a chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages within the body.
The following are the questions exam answers. Forms of Contamination. It whispers, so listen closely. In which remaining reported, most people offer you a number of easy nevertheless enlightening articles in addition to layouts designed made for just about any instructional purpose. You might not require more period to spend to go to the books inauguration as well as search for them. Study chapter 11 cardiovascular system flashcards from Kelsea Hillebrant's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Lower jaw 4. Chapter The perfect text for a shorter medical terminology course. From what source do cells get their food? This is why we provide the ebook compilations in this website. Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and describe the pathway of impulses through this system. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Author Unknown Learning Outcomes 1. Name the planet nearest to the Sun.
Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?. The cardiovascular system in our body is tasked with regulating blood flow and ensuring that every part of the body gets blood. Take the pre-test to get your own personalized study plan. This is exactly where one would place a stethoscope to count the heart rate for an apical pulse. Key point: Drawing an analogy between the cardiovascular system This chapter as well as Chapter 11 will show how the basic. The apical heartbeat is heard by listening between the fifth and sixth ribs about 7. The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 litres 11 US pt or 1. Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System of the hepatic portal circulation. What is the main function of each sub-system? The quiz below is all about the system and all we learned about it. Differentiate the anatomic location and function of the following cardiac structures: pericardial layers, atria, ventricles, semilunar valves, and atrioventricular. Review the material from this module by completing the practice test below: Licenses and Attributions :.
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